ࡱ> ~}7 abjbjUU "7|7|ZlBBB8z@>hFF"hhh=======$? A="=#hh+=###*hh=#=#`#[)8|@39h: `0Vi-.lB"839>0@>8|B#"|B39#Operationalising the Equity Principle in Watershed Development AKRSP (I) Approach AKRSP (I)- Profile AKRSP (I) mission statement: AKRSP (I) exists to enable the empowerment of rural communities and groups, particularly the underprivileged and women, to take control over their lives and manage their environment, to create a better and more equitable society. Aga Khan Rural Support Programme- India (AKRSP-I) is a non-profit organisation which is a part of Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN). AKRSP (I) was founded in the year 1983 and started activities with Mr. Anil C. Shah as the first Chief Executive Officer (CEO). AKRSP (I) started with the belief that it would not function as funding organisation, but would provide direct support to village institutions. AKRSP (I) would promote income generating activities and not welfare programme with focus on land and water development for higher level of productivity through improved technology, appropriate innovations and management techniques. All its activities would be routed through village level institutions which would decide, execute and manage the development programmes. It would also offer its experience of cost effective development to Government and Non-Government organisations working in the same field. AKRSP (I) started its operations in tribal areas of Bharuch, drought prone district of Surendranagar and salinity ingress coastal areas of Junagadh district of Gujarat, India. Subsequently its operations spread to Kutch, and Nimar region of Madhya Pradesh. Initially focus was on natural resources management in general but from early nineties it focused more on livelihood through ten-year programme known as Sustainable Community Based Livelihood Enhancement Programme (SCALE) funded by European Commission (EC). (Source: AKRSP (I) Annual Report) BACKGROUND Equity as defined in The American Heritage Dictionary is Quality of being just, impartial and fair. Equitable distribution of benefits by restoring degraded land and water resources and consequent development of biomass is one of the objectives of the watershed programme as specified in the 1994 watershed guidelines. The revised watershed guidelines of Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India, states that Special emphasis to improve the economic and social condition of the resource poor and the disadvantaged watershed community such as assetless and women through a) more equitable distribution of the benefits of land and water resources and consequent biomass production. b) greater access to income generating opportunities and focus on human resource development. AKRSP (I) APPROACH This mission of AKRSP (I) is translated into the objective of watershed development in terms of local resources development with special concern and treatment of the disadvantaged sections of the rural communities. The focus is on addressing the needs of the poor through institution building and recognising those members from the poor families who need special attention for livelihood enhancement. At the same time AKRSP (I) has recognized that there are also families who are vulnerable to natural calamities like drought and need to be identified first in their programme and provided with support for their tiding over calamities, capacity building and income generation. This will ultimately help in building natural, social and financial capital, which will lead to sustainability of the watershed programme. AKRSP (I)s follows need-based steps of intervention to ensure equity in watershed programme. These steps have been enunciated in the following paragraphs. STEP 1: Entry point and initial communication In the initial phase of the project, the first intervention in the village begins by convening meeting in each falia (hamlet) and finding out the issues that are affecting the villagers. There after a village level meeting is organised where the organisation gives an overview of its work, objectives of the programme and what are the expectations. AKRSP (I) in the initial meetings makes it very clear that villagers need to make contribution for any activity carried under watershed programme. STEP 2: Community Based Wealth Ranking PRA exercise to identify the vulnerable communities After that community based Wealth Ranking PRA exercise is conducted in which whole village participate and rank the village groups in terms of livelihood. Wealth Ranking exercise helps in identifying different socio-economic strata of villagers who are divided into A, B, C, D categories. The poorest among them generally fall under C and D categories where as A and B category represents the comparatively well off. STEP 3: Developing indicators for identifying the disadvantaged families in watershed. AKRSP (I) has conducted wealth-ranking exercises in all its field areas and this has helped in identifying common indicators for C-D category of villagers. One of the objectives of the SCALE (Sustainable Community Based Approaches to Livelihood Enhancement) programme is to make the people socially and economically capable to face the drought condition. It is very essential that family should be able to ensure their food stock/access in drought years. However those families that do not have annual food security are economically weak families and may be considered in C-D category needing special attention. These indicators for identifying the disadvantaged families in watershed is given below CATEGORY 1 To secure minimum livelihood requirements a Family that needs employment for 480 man-days and annual income of Rs.24, 000. Rs.50 is considered as daily wage rate then minimum 480 man-days are required for meeting basic needs. Those families that do not get employment for 480 man-days are forced to live without basic necessities of livelihood and hence may be considered under C-D category. CATEGORY 2 It is generally found that income from 1/3 hectare irrigated or hectare un-irrigated land provides income of Rs.5, 000 annually. Therefore families having less than hectare irrigated land or 1hectare un-irrigated land may be considered in C-D category. CATEGORY 3 In AKRSP (I) implementation areas there are several families that are capable of meeting their basic livelihood requirements. However, recurring droughts have made them economically weak and they are not able to face the emergency situations. These families are forced to take loan from moneylenders to meet the social needs and they to pay exorbitant monthly interest of 5-10%. These families are trapped in indebtness. These families that spends more money on paying interest on loans than what they can save may be considered in C-D category. STEP 4: Institution building and skill enhancement In the next stage, formation of village institutions like Self Help Group (SHG), Mahila Vikas Mandal (MVM) is given priority. Women and landless are integral part of the village institutions. The SHGs and MVMs are given regular training, taken on exposure visits to various successful watersheds and regularly given feedback about their roles and responsibilities. These village institutions then act as building blocks when Village Development Committee (VDC) is constituted. Representatives of SHGs and MVMs are mandatory in VDC. STEP 5: Development of action plan through PRA exercises Then a social and resource map of the village is prepared where VDC along with the villagers participate. Separate meetings with the women are also held to understand their needs and priorities. Landless and marginalized are also asked to identify what can be done so that they can also have stake in the project. A watershed committee is constituted with fair representation from different sections of the villagers. Watershed development plan is prepared wherein the resource map helps in identifying the existing resources within the village and locating the various physical activities to be undertaken as a part of the watershed programme. A transact walk is done covering the entire village boundary to find out the technical feasibility of selected sites. The stakeholders are also informed about the contributions expected from them during the projects and nature of the benefit sharing. STEP 6: Activity and site Selection (Equity and General Category) Each activity in the first phase is carried out according to the watershed development plan. Each activity in watershed development plan is divided into two parts, one is general which encompasses all the sections of the villagers and second is known as equity category. Equity category is that activity where maximum numbers of users are from C and D sections in the wealth ranking parameters. Preference is given to the physical works in the lands of small and marginalised farmers falling under C and D category. Such works are taken up before the other general category. Separate meetings are held with equity category to explain why they have been selected under equity category. STEP 7: Enhancing the role of women in watershed Women are integral part of the watershed project. They are involved from the start in the implementation process. Women are organized in to Self Help Groups (SHG). They are also part of Mahila Vikas Mandals that takes initiatives to look into the problems faced by the women and try to mitigate them. AKRSP (I) also discusses with the women about the factors affecting their life. One of the major problems faced by the women is of drinking water security and the women are the worst sufferers. Women are also part of the Jal Sabha that helps in accessing and meeting drinking water need. Women have been involved in every step to ensure drinking water security, starting from site selection to type of structure to be constructed to developing rules for payment of user charges and sharing the usufruct. Representatives from Mahila Vikas Mandals attend the Gram Sabha and they are integral part of decision-making process. Women who are part of Mahila Vikas Mandals are given regular training. Mahila Vikas Mandals take care of different issues related to women and try to find feasible solution. In course of time, these women groups have earned the respect of the government officials. Government in recognising growing stature and good management capacities of women groups has given the group authority for management of drinking water tankers and distribution of drinking water in drought years. STEP 8: Involvement of Landless Landless are informed about the watershed programme from the beginning. Landless who fall in C-D category in wealth ranking are given more attention. They are part of the planning process of watershed programme and they are informed about the activities carried during watershed implementation. Landless are given regular employment in the physical work carried under watershed project implementation. Women of landless households are part of the SHG, avail credit facilities and given opportunities under income generation programme. STEP 9: Differential Contribution System AKRSP (I) follows a system of differential contribution system depending on different categories of villagers falling under wealth ranking indicators. Following table gives us details of the contribution expected from beneficiaries Table: 1 Activity wise contribution Detail of Structure/ ActivityWealth RankingBeneficiary Contribution in (%)AKRSP (I) Contribution in (%)Land LevelingC-D3070Land LevelingA-B7040Watershed Harvesting StructuresAll1585DripC-D2575DripA-B6040Horticulture/ Agro forestryC-D2575Horticulture/ Agro forestryA-B6040 In water harvesting structures (WHS), once the users group (UG) is formed, then UG are expected to give contribution of 15% and rest 85% will be given by AKRSP (I). Then UG is advised to take less contribution from the C-D category farmers. However, it solely depends upon the members of the UG whether to take less contribution from C-D category of farmers. If the structure is under equity category where maximum number (50% or more) of users are from C-D category then some relaxation in contribution from C-D category farmers may be provided. The present contribution on WHS which is 15% may be relaxed upto minimum 5 % contribution from C-D category farmers. Additionally, C-D category farmers can work and give their wage as contribution where as A-B category farmers have to necessarily give contribution in cash. LIMIT: AKRSP (I) imposes limit for each farmer on the area to be treated under land leveling, contour bunding, drip and horticulture activities and is equally distributed among all the sections under wealth ranking with differential contribution from A-B and C-D category of farmers. How AKRSP has operationalised equity in its watershed programme could be better appreciated from the example of Mokasar village in Surendrangar district. The case of Mokasar is given in the Annexure.  Mokasar Experience- towards addressing equity in benefit distribution 1. Background Mokasar village is located in Chotila taluka of Surendrangar district in Gujarat. There are 245 households in the village, out of which 244 are cultivators and 17 are landless. The main occupation of the village is agriculture. Other occupations of the village include cattle rearing, agriculture labour and construction labour. AKRSP (I) started intervention in Mokasar as Project Implementing Agency (PIA) for watershed development project in 1999. Mokasar was selected for intervention because of its low-income level due to declining productivity of agricultural land caused by severe soil erosion as a result of uncontrolled run offs. 2. Rapport building for active involvement of the community AKRSPs intervention started in the village by conducting Gram Sabha. In the first two Gram Sabha meetings attendance was low. A door-to-door awareness campaign was launched to sensitise the villagers that unless they take active interest and get involved, no work could be taken. As a result of these efforts in the third meeting, there was good attendance with large presence of women. In this meeting villagers were explained about the organisation, watershed programme, the total fund sanctioned and the various activities that may be taken up under the project. Work started with the Entry Point Activity (EPA) in the year 2000 with the potential to benefit the whole village. In the Gram Sabha, villagers were asked to identify the activity which can be beneficial to the entire village community. Villagers identified construction of classroom as an activity under EPA. Villagers decided to take contribution of Rs.25 from each student. At that time there were 200 students in the school. They also decided that those who failed to pay the contribution would not be given any work in the watershed programme. A total of Rs. 4600 was collected as contribution and rest amount was paid as labour. After that villagers were also taken on an exposure visit to Kophala watershed near Rajkot. The purpose of the exposure visit was to sensitise the villagers about the participation of all the sections of the community for the development of the whole village. 3. PRA Exercises (Wealth Ranking, Watershed Development Plan etc) Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools like social map, resource map, and chapatti (vein) diagram and transect walk were used to ensure active participation of the village community. Wealth Ranking exercise was next conducted to categorize the household into various categories. For this exercise villagers were asked to divide all households within the watershed into three categories. First will be the better off category A, second will be the medium category B and the third will be the poorest who needs most attention and will fall in C category. Villagers were first asked to set indicators for each category. After that they were asked to note down indicators on a card. Then each household was given a number and separate card. Then villagers discussed and put each household in each category according to their assessment. This helped to categorize all households according to their socio-economic status. Wealth ranking exercised helped in catagorising 79 household in C category, 150 household in B category and 16 in A category. Thereafter a PRA exercise was conducted in which whole village was involved. At fist a social map and resource map of the village was drawn. These maps depicted the location of river, nala, well, bore, streams, ponds, sloppy land and potential structure to be built in the future. The PRA exercises were initially conducted separately with men and women. The reason for this was to understand weather there is any varied perception difference between men and women. A chapatti (Vein) diagram was also conducted which helped to understand which institutions were closer to the village and which they consider far off. Then a transect walk was carried with the villagers from ridge to valley making systematic observation with the villagers and learning about the problems and opportunities for natural resource management. Finally a watershed development plan with facilitation from AKRSP staff was prepared by PRA which gives detail of the kind of activity to be taken up with timeline. 4. Village Institution as organisations for watershed management Formation of village institution (VI) was given prime importance in Mokasar. The establishment of village institution helped in ensuring effective community participation in watershed management. VIs plays an important role in watershed planning, implementation and overall management of the programme. Watershed committee (WC) is responsible for overall management of watershed programme. Villagers themselves elected members of WC with AKRSP staff acting as facilitators. Efforts have been made to ensure fair representation of all section of the community in the village institutions. There are 11 members in WC, out of which one is Harijan, one is Bawaji and rests are from Koli community. There are two women in WC. In a year, two-gram sabha meetings are held. In gram sabha meeting, watershed committee presents physical-financial plan and achievements. It also gives detail of the activities and beneficiaries. AKRSP has promoted different village institutions in Mokasar, detail of which are given below Table: 2 Details of village institution Village InstitutionMembershipActivityWatershed Committee 11Management of watershed development.Watershed Association92Overall supervision of the project implementation.Mahila Vikash Mandal-110SavingMahila Vikash Mandal-211SavingMahila Vikash Mandal-312SavingSHG-111SavingSHG-212SavingPani Samiti11Management of water supply. 5. Attending to the needs of the deprived The demand for soil and water conservation measures at particular location comes through the watershed committee or village development committee (VDC). The AKRSP staff surveys the site and VDC members accompany them. In the survey social as-well-as technical aspects are taken into consideration. In the social aspects the beneficiaries rank in the wealth ranking, concerns of the neighbouring farmers are given importance. In technical aspects water storage, catchments area, topography is considered. Priority is given to work of villagers falling under backward C-category. Watershed committee has ensured that small and marginal farmers get most of the benefit is highlighted from the table given below Table: 3 Activity wise benefit distribution ActivitiesNumber of BeneficiariesMarginal FarmersSmall FarmersLarge FarmersTotalCheck Dam26290762Land Leveling53220883Contour Bund03030208Farm Forestry0615021Horticulture0313016Farm Pond02010104Total938318194 It was felt in the gram sabha that benefits of watershed implementation should also go to the most deprived C-category of villagers in the wealth ranking indicators. WC decided to give importance to activities for the benefits of Vaghris, Harijans and landless who generally fall in C-category. Work on the common land and gauchar (wasteland) was given priority where the C-category families were only given work. During the drought years, scarcity relief work like contour bunding, deepening of WHS, farm pond, land leveling and contour trenches. Land leveling has been in two plots and thirteen beneficiaries got benefit of contour bunding in small plots. Six farm ponds and five more water harvesting structure was constructed under drought relief. 6. Women and landless as active participants Mahila Vikas Mandal (MVM) and Self Help Groups (SHG) are the two village institutions, which have extensively focused on capacity building of women and landless. MVM and SHG members were given training on objective of watershed, AKRSPs role, participation in watershed management, accounts and bookkeeping, credit management, micro finance and SHG. Apart from that they were also taken on exposure visits to Mundra in Kutch district to show them how a good MVM works. The capacity building exercise has helped empowered women and landless to a significant extent. In the meetings members discuss various activities related to village development. The women and landless actively participated in the development work and they are active participants in the Gram Sabha. They have been given regular work in all the construction activities taken up under the watershed development programme. In the year 2000, when Mokasar village was affected by drought, women visited Panchayat and demanded fodder. 7. Drinking Water Drinking water security has been given due attention. Under water supply scheme 9 storage tanks have been constructed. Details of design and construction cost has been finalized with discussion with the beneficiaries. These tanks are connected to Panchayat bore through pipelines and filled up full for day round availability of water. Through the hand pumps installed on the tanks, women collect water anytime at their convenience. A two-member management team of one man and one woman from each tank area has been selected by gram sabha for management and maintenance of water supply for which they collect Rs.3 per person per household per month and they have achieved hundred percent recovery. 8. Conclusion It is very important that community plans and decides activities to be taken up under watershed development. In Mokasar, involvement of all the sections of the community from the beginning in planning and management is one of the key factors that will ensure equitable distribution of benefit. It is very clear from the Mokasar experience that AKRSP has made significant effort to ensure that it acts as a catalyst by giving training, capacity building and working through village institutions so that the deprived like small farmers, marginal farmers, women and landless gets benefits from watershed. PAGE  PAGE 1 AKRSP operates through its cluster offices in Sayla taluka of Surendranagar district and Netrnag Taluka of Bharuch district of Gujarat. 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